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Sponsors: Google Architectural design of buildings Architect PhD Prokopenko, real estate in Europe » Development 0 02 2011 22 Urban outdoor lighting Author: Oleg | Section: Development | Views: Urban outdoor lighting The objectives of outdoor lighting design include: • Improve the legibility of critical nodes, landmarks, and circulation and activity zones in the landscape; • Facilitate the safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles, promoting a more secure environment, and minimizing the potential for personal harm and damage to property; and • Help to reveal the salient features of a site by layering the light with soft ambient light and key accent lighting at a desired intensity in order to encourage nighttime use. • Provide a environmentally responsible lighting that does not overlight or produce glare to improve light quality and to minimize light pollution and light trespass effect. 1 GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES Key points: General design principles 1. Subtle but recognizable distinctions can be made between major and minor roads, paths, and use areas by varying the distribution and brightness of the light and by varying the height, spacing and color lams. 2. Clear lighting patterns reinforce the direction of circulation, delineate intersections, and provide a visual cue to what conditions lie ahead. 3. Glare from exposed light sources is a major safety concern. Luminaire location and mounting height, fixture type, and lamp intensity must be carefully selected to optimize light distribution and minimize glare. 4. Security is not necessarily enhanced by increasing illuminance levels on the ground. Consider peripheral lighting, vertical illuminance levels and good color-rendering sources as well. 5. Color differentiation, unobtrusive illumination of background spaces, and bright illumination of objects of interest are common approaches for articulating landscape character. Nighttime visibility and function (lighting quality not quantity) Too often, lighting quantity or lighting levels are used for design instead of lighting quality. Lighting quality involves contrast, brightness adaptation, glare and light source color. Increasing contrast will increase visibility. An example of poor contrast would be a person in dark clothing against a dark landscape or fa?ade. If the fa?ade is lighted, objects are easier to see. Our eyes adjust to the brightest object in our field of view. This adjustment of our eyes is referred to as brightness adaptation. If an object is very bright, like uncontrolled light from a floodlight, everything else in the immediate surrounding area appears relatively dark, making it harder to detect object details. Glare is usually caused by uncontrolled light emitted from unshielded luminaires. An example of this is unshielded wall pack fixtures or floodlights located on a building fa?ade. These situations can be easily avoided with proper equipment selection, location, aiming and shielding. Light source color is another key to low light level visibility. Our night vision is very sensitive to short wavelength light (blue and green light), resulting in crisp and clear vision, especially in our peripheral vision. Reaction time and color recognition under low light levels is far superior with white light sources like metal halide, fluorescent, and inductive lamps. More 0 02 2011 22 Urban telecommunications infrastructure Author: Oleg | Section: Development | Views: Urban telecommunications infrastructure Urban planners and architects play an increasingly critical role in planning and design of telecommunications infrastructure. In the past, this responsibility may have been left mainly to the local telecommunications company. The continuing deployment and availability of an adequate infrastructure was more or less taken for granted by those outside the telecommunications industry, Any enhancements to the basic infrastructure were treated as amenities to attract “high-tech” development. Today, access to advanced telecommunications services can no longer be considered just an amenity. University of California researchers at Berkeley estimate that the world now produces 1 to 2 exabytes (billions of gigabytes, or approximately 8 to 16 ? 1018 bits) of new information each year. Only .003 percent of this data is printed on paper. The rest exists only in electronic or multimedia form (Lyman and Varian 2000). The economic, social, cultural and political viability of the community depends on efficient and cost-effective, broadband access to this electronic data. The infrastructure for producing, processing, transporting and storing all this information is a vast collection of electronic and computer networks connected by fiber optic strands, microwave links, metallic cables, switching hardware and millions of lines of software code that collectively operates as an enormous global network. Deregulation of the telecommunications industry has layered new dimensions of capability and complexity onto the traditional information infrastructure. The breakup of the Bell System in 1984, the commercial ization of the Internet (the Worldwide Web) in the 1990s and the proliferation of wireless services are but a few key milestones in a sweeping process of de facto and regulatory change in the telecommunications landscape. More recently, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its implementing regulations have accelerated the process and greatly changed the landscape of the telecommunications industry. Key objectives or the Telecommunications Act were to: • Spur innovation and competition in the industry • Remove regulatory barriers to entry into telecommunications markets • Reduce the price of services • Bring the benefits of advanced telecommunications services to all Americans There are now over 2,000 competitors in a telecommunications market that was once dominated by AT&T and a handful of smaller regional telephone companies. Now electronic information is produced or disseminated by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and a myriad of corporations, educational institutions, entertainment companies, governments and other entities. Many businesses and institutions are removing applications such as accounting, payroll and human resources from their office file servers and turning them over to Applications Service Providers (ASPs) whose facilities may be hundreds or thousands of miles away. The information is transported and delivered to the user via public and private telecommunications networks. Typically, these networks are operated by long haul and local telecommunications companies. The long-haul carriers are generally referred to as Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) and the local carriers are called Local Exchange Carriers (LECs). LECs are further divided into Incumbent LECs (or ILECs, the former regulated Bell System companies) and Competitive LECs (CLECs). Continuing deregulation of the industry is blurring the distinction between local and inter-city carriers. Many companies now provide both local and long haul facilities. The Internet, to cite one example, is one of the most visible and fastest growing, elements of this exploding global infrastructure. It is estimated that the number of host computers on the Internet grew from 376,000 in 1990 to over 122 million as of May 2001 (Telcordia 2001). Internet traffic doubles every 90 days. While these changes have brought new services, lower prices and great technological innovation to the nation’s communities, they have also complicated the process of urban planning and design, It is no longer sufficient to rely on “the Telephone Company” to plan, design and deploy the telecommunications infrastructure needed by today’s and tomorrow’s communities. There is no longer a single telecommunications entity with this responsibility. At the same time, the same competitive environment and market forces that produced new services and lower prices have also led to an uneven distribution of resources. Studies by the Federal Communications Commission have confirmed that many lower-tier urban areas, rural communities and inner city areas are being left behind in the deployment of advanced telecommunications services (FCC 2000.) Unless governments, planners and community groups proactively plan for the development and enhancement of the urban telecommunications infrastructure, this trend is likely to continue. Communities on the wrong side of the “digital divide” will fall further and further behind in an increasingly on-line society. A good example of proactive planning is Berkshire Connect. Leaders in the Berkshire region of western Massachusetts saw the area as greatly disadvantaged in access to advanced telecommunications services at affordable prices. Planners and business leaders identified and aggregated demand and demonstrated the economic feasibility of providing advanced services in the region. As a result, the telecommunications industry made several million dollars of private investment in Berkshire County and the area now enjoys ready access to advanced services at prices comparable to those paid in the major metropolitan centers (FCC 2000.) Rules, regulations and standards The activities of the ISPs, ASPs, IXCs, ILECs, CLECs and other service providers are governed at the federal, state and local levels. Telecommunications companies, especially the ILECs, are still subject to considerable regulation, which is embodied mainly in Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (the FCC Rules). States have similar regulations. Local authorities exercise oversight of telecommunications companies mainly through code enforcement, planning and zoning regulations and various franchise arrangements. With some notable exceptions, local authorities may exercise a great deal of control over the siting, construction and operation of telecommunications facilities. Technical standards are established partly by government regulation and partly by national, international and industry standards bodies. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) sets standards to ensure compatibility of national networks. The most prominent U.S. bodies are the: • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) • Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) • Electronic Industry Alliance (EIA) Another important source of technical standards is the facility design guidelines of Telcordiaв„ў Technologies (formerly Bell Communications Research, Inc. - Bellcore), the research and development arm of the former Bell operating companies. Wireless telecommunications facilities are subject to additional FCC and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations and technical standards and usually require an operating license from the FCC. Structural and wind loading standards for antenna structures and towers are subject to state and local building codes and ANSI/EIA/TIA222-E. More 0 02 2011 22 Buffer zones Author: Oleg | Section: Development | Views: Buffer zones Buffer zones Space is one aspect of the outdoor environment that is often available, although sometimes at a premium in urban areas. Sound generally dissipates at a rate of 3 to 6 dBA per doubling of distance from a source within 200 to 300 ft, (60 to 90 m) of that source. Its decay rate beyond that is highly variable depending on the atmospheric (mainly temperature variations, wind currents, and humidity) and terrain conditions between the source and listener. However, sound levels generally decrease with increasing distance from a source. Therefore, the greater distance that can be placed between an objectionable sound source and a listener, the better. It is best to avoid placing an objectionable sound source near a still body of water that lies between the source and a listener because temperature effects will cause the sound to travel across the body of water with little reduction. Although wind currents are constantly changing, it is best to avoid locating a noise-sensitive building (such as a residence, house of worship, health care facility, or school) in the prevailing downwind direction of a noise source. Masking Masking systems are composed of natural or electronic components that add sound to an environment to cover or mask objectionable sounds. They work best when they blend with the environment to the point at which they go unnoticed. Acceptable sounds outdoors include more natural sounds, such as running water or rustling leaves. Outdoor fountains are not only effective in masking sound, but they can also add aesthetically to an area. Any other natural masking sounds would have to be added electronically using weather-proofed loudspeakers. More Back 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 129 Further © 2012 - Architectural design project buildings and structures. Navigation Home Contacts RSS Sitemap Bookmarks Counters