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Ukraine ”крањна Flag Coat of arms Ukraine 's glory has not perished, nor her freedom Location of Ukraine (green) on the European continent (dark grey) Ч [ Legend ] Capital Kyiv ( Kiev ) Official languages Ukrainian Demonym Ukrainian Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Viktor Yushchenko ( NUNS ) - Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko ( BYuT ) - Speaker of the Parliament Volodymyr Lytvyn ( BL ) Legislature Verkhovna Rada Formation - Kievan Rus' 882 1 - Kingdom of Rus' 1199 1 - Cossack Hetmanate 1649 - Ukrainian National Republic March 17 , 1917 - West Ukrainian National Republic November 1 , 1918 - Ukrainian SSR December 30 , 1922 - Independence from the Soviet Union August 24 , 1991 2 Area - Total 603,628 km2 ( 44th ) 233,090 sq mi - Water ( % ) 7% Population - 2008 estimate 46,179,226 [1] ( 27th ) - 2001 census 48,457,102 - Density 77/km2 ( 115th ) 199/sq mi GDP ( PPP ) 2008 estimate Total $337.268 billion [2] - Per capita $7,342 [2] GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate - Total $179.604 billion [2] - Per capita $3,910 [2] Gini (2006) 31 [3] (medium) HDI (2005) ^ 0.788 (medium) ( 76th ) Currency Hryvnia ( UAH ) Time zone EET ( UTC +2) - Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC +3) Drives on the right Internet TLD .ua Calling code 380 1 The ancient state of Kievan Rus' was formed in 882 on the territory of modern Ukraine. From the historiographical point of view, Rus' polity is considered by some historians and the Ukrainian parliament as an early predecessor of the Ukrainian nation . [4] 2 An independence referendum was held on December 1 after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on December 26 . The current constitution was adopted on June 28 , 1996 . Ukraine † ( Ukrainian : ”крањна, transliterated : Ukrayina , [ukr??jin?] ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland , Slovakia , and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev ( Kyiv ) is both the capital and the largest city of Ukraine. Ukraine's modern history began with the East Slavs . From at least the 9th century, Ukraine was a center of the medieval living area of the East Slavs . This state, known as Kievan Rus' became the largest and most powerful nation in Europe , but disintegrated in the 12th century. Ukraine was the home of the first modern democracy, which exhibited republican form, during the Khmelnytsky uprising in the 17th century. [5] After the Great Northern War , Ukraine was divided among a number of regional powers, and by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire , with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. After a chaotic period of incessant warfare and several attempts at independence (1917Ц21) following World War I and the Russian Civil War , Ukraine emerged in 1922 as one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union . The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 's territory was enlarged westward shortly before and after World War II , and southwards in 1954 with the Crimea transfer . In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the co-founding members of the United Nations . [6] Ukraine became independent again after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This began a period of transition to a market economy , in which Ukraine was stricken with an eight year recession . [7] But since then, the economy has been experiencing a stable increase with GDP growth averaging 24 percent annually. Ukraine is a unitary state composed of 24 oblasts (provinces), one autonomous republic ( Crimea ), and two cities with special status: Kiev , its capital, and Sevastopol , which houses the Russian Black Sea Fleet under a leasing agreement. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate legislative , executive , and judicial branches. Since the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine continues to maintain the second largest military in Europe, after that of Russia. The country is home to 46.2 million people, 77.8 percent of whom are ethnic Ukrainians , with sizable minorities of Russians, Belarusians and Romanians. The Ukrainian language is the only official language in Ukraine, while Russian is also widely spoken. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity , which has heavily influenced Ukrainian architecture , literature and music . Independence The first launch of a Ukrainian rocket at the Sea Launch complex On July 16, 1990, the new parliament adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine . [61] The declaration established the principles of the self-determination of the Ukrainian nation, its democracy, political and economic independence, and the priority of Ukrainian law on the Ukrainian territory over Soviet law. A month earlier, a similar declaration was adopted by the parliament of the Russian SFSR . This started a period of confrontation between the central Soviet, and new republican authorities. In August 1991, a conservative faction among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union attempted a coup to remove Mikhail Gorbachev and to restore the Communist party's power. After the attempt failed, on August 24, 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted the Act of Independence in which the parliament declared Ukraine as an independent democratic state. [62] A referendum and the first presidential elections took place on December 1, 1991. That day, more than 90 percent of the Ukrainian people expressed their support for the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament, Leonid Kravchuk to serve as the first President of the country. At the meeting in Brest , Belarus on December 8, followed by Alma Ata meeting on December 21, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). [63] Orange-clad demonstrators gather in the Independence Square in Kiev on November 22, 2004 Ukraine was initially viewed as a republic with favorable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union. [64] However, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than some of the other former Soviet Republics . During the recession, Ukraine lost 60 percent of its GDP from 1991 to 1999, [65] [66] and suffered five-digit inflation rates. [67] Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well as crime and corruption, Ukrainians protested and organised strikes. [68] The Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the hryvnia , was introduced in 1996. Since 2000, the country has enjoyed steady real economic growth averaging about seven percent annually. [7] [69] A new Constitution of Ukraine was adopted in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a semi-presidential republic and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticized by opponents for concentrating too much of power in his office, corruption, transferring public property into hands of loyal oligarchs , discouraging free speech, and electoral fraud . [70] In 2004, Viktor Yanukovych , then Prime Minister, was declared the winner of the presidential elections , which had been largely rigged, as the Supreme Court of Ukraine later ruled. [71] The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko , who challenged the results and led the peaceful Orange Revolution . The revolution brought Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko to power, while casting Viktor Yanukovych in opposition. [72] However Yanukovych did became Prime Minister again in 2006 [73] until snap elections in September 2007 made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again. [74] Confilicts with Russia over the price of natural gas (briefly) stopped all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and 2009, with led to gas shortages in several other European countries (both times). [75] [76] Government and politics Main article: Government of Ukraine See also: Elections in Ukraine , Foreign relations of Ukraine , International membership of Ukraine , and Ukraine and the European Union Verkhovna Rada , the Parliament of Ukraine Ukraine is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary semi-presidential system with separate legislative , executive , and judicial branches. The President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal head of state . [77] Ukraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat unicameral parliament, the Verkhovna Rada . [78] The parliament is primarily responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the Cabinet of Ministers , which is headed by the Prime Minister . [79] Laws, acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of the Crimean parliament may be abrogated by the Constitutional Court , should they be found to violate the Constitution of Ukraine . Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. Local self-government is officially guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations are appointed by the president. Ukraine has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships and are unknown to the general public. Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the purpose of participating in parliamentary elections. Military Main article: Military of Ukraine Ukrainian army soldiers aboard a BTR-80 in Iraq After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a 780,000 man military force on its territory, equipped with the third-largest nuclear weapons arsenal in the world. [80] [81] In May 1992, Ukraine signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for "disposal" and to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons. [80] Currently Ukraine's military is the second largest in Europe, after that of Russia . [82] Ukraine took consistent steps toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , which called for reduction of tanks, artillery, and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans to convert the current conscript -based military into a professional volunteer military not later than in 2011. [83] A Ukrainian peacekeeper in Kosovo Ukraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. Ukrainian troops are deployed in Kosovo as part of the Ukrainian-Polish Battalion . [84] A Ukrainian unit was deployed in Lebanon , as part of UN Interim Force enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also a maintenance and training battalion deployed in Sierra Leone . In 2003Ц05, a Ukrainian unit was deployed in Iraq , as part of the Multinational force in Iraq under Polish command. The total Ukrainian military deployment around the world is 562 servicemen. [85] Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. [86] The country has had a limited military partnership with Russia, other CIS countries and a partnership with NATO since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. [83] Administrative divisions Main articles: Ukrainian historical regions and Administrative divisions of Ukraine The system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country's status as a unitary state (as stated in the country's constitution ) with unified legal and administrative regimes for each unit. Ukraine is subdivided into twenty-four oblasts ( provinces ) and one autonomous republic ( avtonomna respublika ), Crimea . Additionally, the cities of Kiev , the capital, and Sevastopol , both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 490 raions ( districts ), or second-level administrative units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi); the average population of a raion is 52,000 people. [87] Urban areas (cities) can either be subordinated to the state (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), the oblast or raion administrations, depending on their population and socio-economic importance. Lower administrative units include urban-type settlements , which are similar to rural communities, but are more urbanized, including industrial enterprises, educational facilities, and transport connections, and villages . In total, Ukraine has 457 cities, 176 of them are labeled oblast-class, 279 smaller raion -class cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type settlements and 28,552 villages. [87] Geography Main article: Geography of Ukraine The Ai-Petri 1200 m above mean sea level At 603,700 square kilometres (233,100 sq mi) and with a coastline of 2,782 square kilometres (1,074 sq mi), Ukraine is the world's 44th-largest country (after the Central African Republic , before Madagascar ). It is the largest whole-Europe country and the second largest country in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before metropolitan France ). [3] The Ukrainian landscape consists mostly of fertile plains (or steppes ) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper ( Dnipro ), Seversky Donets , Dniester and the Southern Buh as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov . To the southwest, the delta of the Danube forms the border with Romania. The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is the Hora Hoverla at 2,061 metres (6,760 ft), and those on the Crimean peninsula, in the extreme south along the coast. [88] Ukraine has a mostly temperate continental climate , although a more Mediterranean climate is found on the southern Crimean coast. Precipitation is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast. Western Ukraine, receives around 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) of precipitation annually, while Crimea receives around 400 millimetres (15.7 in). Winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland. Average annual temperatures range from 5.5 ∞C (41.9 ∞F)Ц7 ∞C (44.6 ∞F) in the north, to 11 ∞C (51.8 ∞F)Ц13 ∞C (55.4 ∞F) in the south. [89] Economy Main article: Economy of Ukraine Kiev skyscrapers Dnipropetrovsk skyscrapers Kiev, the economic heart of the city The building of the National Bank of Ukraine A Ukrainian-made Antonov An-148 . In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union , being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's planned economy . [3] With the collapse of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a market economy . The transition process was difficult for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty. [90] Ukraine's economy contracted severely following the years after the Soviet collapse. Day to day life for the average person living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs and buying the basic necessities through the barter economy . [91] In 1991, the government liberalized most prices to combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidize state-run industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels. For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar year. [92] Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. [26] Prices stabilized only after the introduction of new currency, the hryvnia , in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for privatisation . However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatisation process. In the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40 percent of the 1991 level, [93] but recovered to slightly above the 100 percent mark by the end of 2006. [65] In the early 2000s, the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10 percent, with industrial production growing more than 10 percent per year. [94] Ukraine was hit by the economic crisis of 2008 and in November 2008, the IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country. [95] Ukraine's 2007 GDP ( PPP ), as calculated by the CIA , is ranked 29th in the world and estimated at $359.9 billion. [3] Its GDP per capita in 2008 according to the CIA was $7,800 (in PPP terms), ranked 83rd in the world. [3] Nominal GDP (in U.S. dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $198 billion, ranked 41st in the world . [3] By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930 hryvnias per month. [96] Despite remaining lower than in neighbouring. central European countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8 percent [97] According to the UNDP in 2003 4.9 percent of the Ukrainian population lived under 2 US dollar a day [98] and 19.5 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line that same year. [99] Ukrainian administrative divisions by monthly salary Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecraft . Antonov airplanes and KrAZ trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian exports are marketed to the European Union and CIS . [100] Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency, the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU). Ukraine became an active participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between 1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made satellites and 101 launch vehicles , and continues to design spacecraft. [101] So to this day, Ukraine is recognised as a world leader in producing missiles and missile related technology. [102] [103] The country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas , and to a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25 percent of the natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35 percent comes from Russia and the remaining 40 percent from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia controls. At the same time, 85 percent of the Russian gas is delivered to Western Europe through Ukraine. [104] The World Bank classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state. [105] Significant issues include underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy. In 2007 the Ukrainian stock market recorded the second highest growth in the world of 130 percent. [106] According to the CIA, in 2006 the market capitalisation of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8 billion. [3] Growing sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market, which topped all other Central and Eastern European countries in 2007, growing some 40 percent. [107] Transportation in Ukraine Main articles: Transport in Ukraine and Ukrainian Railways Tourism Ukraine occupies 8th place in the world by the number of tourists visiting, according to the World Tourism Organisation rankings. [108] The Seven Wonders of Ukraine are the seven historical and cultural monuments of Ukraine, which were chosen in the Seven Wonders of Ukraine. Culture See also: Culture of Ukraine A collection of traditional pysanky from Volyn Ukrainian customs are heavily influenced by Christianity , which is the dominant religion in the country. [109] Gender roles also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in raising children than in the West. [110] The culture of Ukraine has been also influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, which is reflected in its architecture , music and art. The Communist era had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine. [111] In 1932, Stalin made socialist realism state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated the decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations". This greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s glasnost (openness) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted. [112] St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kiev , an example of Ukrainian architecture. The tradition of the Easter egg , known as pysanky , has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine. [113] In the city of Kolomya near the foothills of the Carpathian mountains in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine action. The traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains, fresh and pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include varenyky (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese or cherries), borscht (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat) and holubtsy (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots and meat). Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev and Kiev Cake . Ukrainians drink stewed fruit, juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and horilka . [114] Sport See also: Sport in Ukraine The new Donbass Arena Ukraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on physical education . Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia, and many other athletic facilities. [126] The most popular sport is football . The top professional league is the Vyscha Liha , also known as the Ukrainian Premier League . The two most successful teams in the Vyscha Liha are rivals FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Shakhtar Donetsk . Although Shakhtar is the reigning champion of the Vyscha Liha, Dynamo Kyiv has been much more successful historically, winning two UEFA Cup Winners' Cups , one UEFA Super Cup , a record 13 USSR Championships and a record 12 Ukrainian Championships ; while Shakhtar only won four Ukrainian championships and one and last UEFA Cup . [127] Many Ukrainians also played for the Soviet national football team , most notably Igor Belanov and Oleg Blokhin , winners of the prestigious Golden Ball Award for the best football player of the year. This award was only presented to one Ukrainian after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Andriy Shevchenko , the current captain of the Ukrainian national football team . The national team made its debut in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, Italy . Ukrainians also fared well in boxing , where the brothers Vitali Klitschko and Wladimir Klitschko have held world heavyweight championships. Ukraine made its Olympic debut at the 1994 Winter Olympics . So far, Ukraine has been much more successful in Summer Olympics (96 medals in four appearances) than in the Winter Olympics (five medals in four appearances). Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number of gold medals won in the All-time Olympic Games medal count , with every country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances. The new step of Ukraine in the world sport is to place a bid to host 2018 Winter Olympic Games . Ukrainian government bid Bukovel - the youngest Ukrainian ski resort [128] to be the host in 2018. The winning bid will be announced in 2011 at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . Religion Religion in Ukraine [141] religion percent Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate ? 50.4% Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Patriarch of Moscow ? 26.1% Ukrainian Greek Catholic ? 8% Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church ? 7.2% Roman Catholic ? 2.2% Protestant ? 2.2% Jewish ? 0.6% Other ? 3.2% Education See also: Education in Ukraine and List of universities in Ukraine Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of post-secondary graduates in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population. According to the Ukrainian constitution , access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis. [146] There is also a small number of accredited private secondary and higher education institutions. Due to the Soviet Union's emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues today, the literacy rate is an estimated 99.4 percent. [3] Since 2005, an eleven-year school program has been replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary then takes three years. [147] In the 12th grade, students take Government Tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving exams. These tests are later used for university admissions. The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, scientific and methodological facilities under federal , municipal and self-governing bodies in charge of education. [148] The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher developed countries , as is defined by UNESCO and the UN . [149] Infrastructure See also: Transport in Ukraine and Nuclear power in Ukraine Ukraine's road network Most of the Ukrainian road system has not been upgraded since the Soviet era, and is now outdated. The Ukrainian government has pledged to build some 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of motorways by 2012. [150] In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for 164,732 kilometres (102,360 mi). [3] Rail transport in Ukraine plays the role of connecting all major urban areas , port facilities and industrial centers with neighbouring countries. The heaviest concentration of railroad track is located in the Donbas region of Ukraine. Although the amount of freight transported by rail fell by 7.4 percent in 1995 in comparison with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the world's highest rail users . [151] The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for 22,473 kilometres (13,964 mi), of which 9,250 kilometres (5,750 mi) is electrified. [3] Ukraine is one of EuropeТs largest energy consumers; it consumes almost double the energy of Germany, per unit of GDP . [152] A great share of energy supply in Ukraine comes from nuclear power, with the country receiving most of its nuclear fuel from Russia. The remaining oil and gas , is also imported from the former Soviet Union. Ukraine is heavily dependent on its nuclear energy . The largest nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , is located in Ukraine. In 2006, the government planned to build 11 new reactors by the year 2030, in effect, almost doubling the current amount of nuclear power capacity . [153] Ukraine's power sector is the twelfth-largest in the world in terms of installed capacity, with 54 gigawatts (GW). [152] Renewable energy still plays a very modest role in electrical output, and in 2005 energy production was met by the following sources: nuclear (47 percent), thermal (45 percent), hydro and other (8 percent). 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