By their construction tyres can be bias and radial

• in bias tyres carcass ply cords that extend to the bead are laid as alternate angle of 45° - 60° to the centre line of the tread;
• in radial tyres cords in all carcass plies in the middle part of tread have angle of slope about zero, that is cords in adjacent plies are parallel or crossed at small angle; such cords location is called meridian or radial; in the breaker of these tyres cords in adjacent plies cross with each other and with cords of contacting carcass ply, that is they are located diagonally.

Radial tyres are manufactured in three types:

• With steel cord in carcass and breaker (all steel);
• With cord from textile fibers in carcass and with steel cord in breaker (combined);
• With cord from synthetic fibers in carcass and breaker (textile).

Tyre construction

1. Carcass - strength part of a pneumatic tyre case which consists of one or several plies of rubberized cord fixed on bead rings.
2. Breaker - inner part of a pneumatic tyre case which consists of rubberized plies of steel or textile cord and located between tread and carcass, designated for load impact softening while driving.
3. Tread - outer rubber part of a pneumatic tyre case with molded pattern, which provides adhesion with road and prevents carcass damage.
4. Cap ply (breaker ply) - protective ply located between steel breaker and tread, provides breaker protection from mechanical damages and prevents rubber separation.
5. Bead - hard part of a pneumatic tyre case which provides its fixing on a wheel rim.
6. Side wall - outer rubber part of a tyre case which protects carcass from side external damages.

Characteristics of tyre parts

• tyre case - toroid-shape envelope of pneumatic tyre which directly gets loading while car driving and ensures traction of a tyre with road;
• Tube - hermetic toroid-shape elastic tube filled with gas or air;
• Tube valve - rotary air valve of tube designed for air filling, retaining and deaerating as well as for providing controll of internal pressure in tyre;
• Flap - the shaped elasic rim allocated in the pneumatic tyre between side wall, tube and rim. Flap is used in tube tyres for trucks in order to protect tubes from damages.